India, 1998–2009
Democracy · Republic · South Asia · Globalization era
Post-liberalization India: a coalition-era democracy with accelerating growth, a nuclear test and the Kargil war, amid communal and caste polarization.
India in these years combined durable multiparty democracy, conducted through large coalition governments, with the deepening of post-1991 economic liberalization and accelerating growth. The period included nuclear tests in 1998, the Kargil conflict with Pakistan and episodes of communal violence, alongside the expansion of a vast electorate. Independent courts, a free press and regular alternation of power characterized the system.
Dominant patterns
- Democratization
Political-science factor profile
Each factor 0–100; higher = stronger authoritarian / crisis pole (except institutional stability, where higher = stronger institutions).
| Centralization of Power | 45 |
| Media Control | 30 |
| Repression | 35 |
| Nationalism | 60 |
| Militarization | 50 |
| Economic Stress | 50 |
| External Conflict | 55 |
| Cult of Personality | 35 |
| Elite Fragmentation | 60 |
| Institutions | 62 |
| Social Polarization | 60 |
| Corruption & Patrimonialism | 65 |
| Ideological Mobilization | 50 |
| External Sovereignty | 92 |
Economy & society
| GDP per capita | $3500 (intl-$) |
| GDP growth | +7%/yr |
| Population | 1.1B people |
| Share of world population | 18% |
| Urban share | 29% |
| Life expectancy | 64 years |
Closest historical twins
The country-eras whose structural profile most resembles India 1998–2009, by similarity score (0–100).
- United States, 1865–1898 – similarity 94/100 · shared: Democratization
- United States, 1789–1815 – similarity 87/100 · shared: Democratization
- India, 1947–1966 – similarity 84/100 · shared: Democratization
- United States, 1898–1917 – similarity 80/100 · shared: Democratization
- United Kingdom, 1815–1837 – similarity 79/100 · shared: Democratization
- Florence, 1434–1494 CE – similarity 79/100 · shared: Democratization
- France, 1919–1932 – similarity 79/100 · shared: Democratization
- France, 1870–1900 – similarity 78/100 · shared: Democratization
What followed
- Accelerating growth after economic liberalization.
- Durable multiparty democracy through coalitions.