All historical periods
230 country-eras across 22 eras, each scored on 11 political-science factors and matched to its closest structural twins across history. Open the interactive atlas →
Present Day (~2018 CE)
- Germany, 2005–2024
- France, 2007–2024
- United States, 2008–2024
- Russia, 2010–2024
- Hungary, 2010–2024
- China, 2012–2024
- Turkey, 2013–2023
- India, 2014–2024
- Poland, 2015–2023
- Saudi Arabia, 2015–2024
- Philippines, 2016–2022
- Brazil, 2019–2022
The 2010s (~2013 CE)
- North Korea, 1994–2024
- Venezuela, 1999–2024
- Thailand, 2006–2014
- Greece, 2009–2018
- United Kingdom, 2010–2016
- Egypt, 2011–2014
- Syria, 2011–2019
- Brazil, 2011–2016
- Tunisia, 2011–2019
- Ukraine, 2013–2015
Globalization (~2000 CE)
- Iran, 1979–2024
- Serbia, 1989–2000
- Germany, 1990–2005
- Russia, 1991–1999
- United States, 1993–2001
- China, 1993–2004
- South Africa, 1994–2008
- Indonesia, 1998–2004
- India, 1998–2009
- Turkey, 2002–2011
Late Cold War (~1985 CE)
- Cuba, 1959–2006
- Indonesia, 1966–1998
- Japan, 1972–1989
- Chile, 1973–1990
- China, 1978–1989
- Iraq, 1979–2003
- United Kingdom, 1979–1990
- Poland, 1980–1989
- United States, 1981–1989
- Spain, 1982–1996
- USSR, 1983–1989
- Rwanda, 1990–1994
Détente Era (~1975 CE)
- South Africa, 1948–1994
- East Germany, 1949–1989
- West Germany, 1949–1990
- Japan, 1955–1972
- USSR, 1964–1982
- China, 1966–1976
- United States, 1968–1980
- United Kingdom, 1970–1979
- Democratic Kampuchea, 1975–1979
- Argentina, 1976–1983
- Iran, 1977–1979
High Cold War (~1960 CE)
- Sweden, 1932–1976
- Portugal, 1933–1974
- Yugoslavia, 1945–1980
- United States, 1945–1968
- France, 1946–1968
- India, 1947–1966
- China, 1949–1965
- Egypt, 1952–1970
- USSR, 1953–1964
- Ghana, 1957–1966
World War II (~1940 CE)
- USSR, 1929–1953
- Japan, 1931–1945
- Germany, 1933–1939
- Spain, 1936–1945
- Italy, 1936–1943
- China, 1937–1945
- Brazil, 1937–1945
- United Kingdom, 1939–1945
- Canada, 1939–1945
- Sweden, 1939–1945
- France, 1940–1944
- United States, 1941–1945
Interwar Years (~1925 CE)
- Germany, 1918–1923
- United Kingdom, 1918–1931
- Japan, 1918–1931
- Poland, 1918–1935
- France, 1919–1932
- USSR, 1921–1928
- Italy, 1922–1929
- Turkey, 1923–1938
- China, 1927–1937
- United States, 1929–1939
Great War Era (~1910 CE)
- Germany, 1890–1914
- United States, 1898–1917
- Austria-Hungary, 1900–1918
- France, 1900–1914
- British Empire, 1901–1914
- Australia, 1901–1914
- Russia, 1905–1917
- Japan, 1905–1918
- Norway, 1905–1914
- Ottoman Empire, 1908–1918
- Mexico, 1910–1920
- China, 1911–1916
Imperial Zenith (~1890 CE)
- Switzerland, 1848–1914
- Russia, 1855–1894
- Qing Dynasty, 1861–1895
- United States, 1865–1898
- Japan, 1868–1912
- British Empire, 1868–1901
- France, 1870–1900
- Germany, 1871–1890
- Ottoman Empire, 1876–1909
- Ethiopia, 1889–1906
- New Zealand, 1890–1914
Industrial Age (~1835 CE)
- Egypt, 1805–1848
- Ottoman Empire, 1808–1839
- United Kingdom, 1815–1837
- France, 1815–1848
- Gran Colombia, 1819–1831
- Qing Dynasty, 1820–1860
- Mexico, 1821–1848
- Brazil, 1822–1850
- Russia, 1825–1855
- United States, 1860–1865
Age of Revolutions (~1795 CE)
- Russia, 1762–1796
- Great Britain, 1783–1815
- Spain, 1788–1814
- France, 1789–1799
- United States, 1789–1815
- Qajar Persia, 1789–1834
- Ottoman Empire, 1789–1808
- Haiti, 1791–1804
- Prussia, 1797–1815
- France, 1799–1815
Enlightenment (~1755 CE)
- Maratha Confederacy, 1720–1761 CE
- France, 1723–1774 CE
- Russian Empire, 1725–1762
- Great Britain, 1727–1760 CE
- Ottoman Empire, 1730–1774 CE
- Poland–Lithuania, 1733–1772 CE
- Qing Dynasty, 1735–1796 CE
- Prussia, 1740–1786
- Habsburg Monarchy, 1740–1780 CE
- Spain, 1759–1788 CE
Age of Absolutism (~1720 CE)
- Dutch Republic, 1600–1672
- Tokugawa Japan, 1603–1720
- Mughal Empire, 1658–1707 CE
- Qing Dynasty, 1662–1722
- Safavid Persia, 1666–1722 CE
- Russia, 1682–1725 CE
- Great Britain, 1688–1727 CE
- Sweden, 1697–1721 CE
- Habsburg Monarchy, 1700–1740 CE
- France, 1715–1723
Renaissance (~1475 CE)
- Ming Dynasty, 1402–1435
- Aztec Empire, 1428–1519 CE
- Florence, 1434–1494 CE
- Inca Empire, 1438–1533 CE
- Republic of Venice, 1450–1500
- France, 1461–1483 CE
- Songhai Empire, 1464–1528 CE
- Spain, 1479–1516 CE
- Ottoman Empire, 1520–1566
- Mughal Empire, 1556–1605
Mongol Century (~1240 CE)
- Southern Song, 1127–1279 CE
- Ayyubid Sultanate, 1171–1250 CE
- Kamakura Japan, 1185–1333 CE
- Novgorod Republic, 1200–1300 CE
- Empire of Nicaea, 1204–1261 CE
- Mongol Empire, 1206–1279
- Delhi Sultanate, 1206–1290 CE
- Holy Roman Empire, 1220–1250 CE
- France, 1226–1270 CE
- Mali Empire, 1235–1300 CE
High Middle Ages (~1000 CE)
- Ghana Empire, 950–1050 CE
- Song Dynasty, 960–1127
- Fatimid Caliphate, 969–1071 CE
- Kievan Rus, 980–1054 CE
- Holy Roman Empire, 983–1024 CE
- Chola Empire, 985–1070 CE
- Ghaznavid Empire, 998–1040 CE
- Kingdom of Hungary, 1000–1038 CE
- Khmer Empire, 1000–1050 CE
- Byzantium, 1025–1071
Early Middle Ages (~700 CE)
- Byzantium, 527–565
- Visigothic Kingdom, 600–711 CE
- Tang Dynasty, 618–755
- Arab Caliphate, 632–750
- Srivijaya, 650–750 CE
- Khazar Khaganate, 650–750 CE
- Unified Silla, 668–780 CE
- Frankish Kingdom, 687–751 CE
- Nara Japan, 710–784 CE
- Abbasid Caliphate, 786–833
Late Antiquity (~350 CE)
- Funan, 300–400 CE
- Sasanian Empire, 309–379 CE
- Eastern Jin, 317–420 CE
- Gupta Empire, 320–380 CE
- Himyar, 320–380 CE
- Tikal, 320–380 CE
- Roman Empire, 324–361 CE
- Kingdom of Aksum, 330–370 CE
- Armenia, 330–370 CE
- Gothic Confederation, 340–370 CE
Age of Rome (~50 BCE)
- Han Dynasty, 206 BCE–220 CE
- Seleucid Empire, 150–63 BCE
- Xiongnu, 120–60 BCE
- Pontus, 120–63 BCE
- Parthian Empire, 100 BCE–1 CE
- Gaul, 100–52 BCE
- Armenia, 95–55 BCE
- Roman Republic, 80–44 BCE
- Ptolemaic Egypt, 80–30 BCE
- Roman Empire, 27 BCE–14 CE
Classical Antiquity (~400 BCE)
- Persian Empire, 550–330 BCE
- Sparta, 490–371 BCE
- Athens, 461–322 BCE
- Carthage, 450–350 BCE
- Roman Republic, 450–390 BCE
- Nanda Empire, 450–345 BCE
- Syracuse, 405–367 BCE
- State of Qin, 361–338 BCE
- Macedon, 359–336 BCE
- Maurya Empire, 322–185 BCE
Archaic World (~800 BCE)
- Neo-Assyrian Empire, 883–824 BCE
- Egypt, 850–750 BCE
- Western Zhou, 850–771 BCE
- Urartu, 850–800 BCE
- Kingdom of Israel, 850–800 BCE
- Kingdom of Judah, 850–800 BCE
- Tyre, 850–800 BCE
- Elam, 850–800 BCE
- Carthage, 814–750 BCE
- Kingdom of Kush, 800–730 BCE