Ghana, 1992–2024
Democracy · Republic · Africa · The 2010s era
The Fourth Republic established competitive elections with several peaceful transfers of power between rival parties, alongside recurring fiscal strain.
The 1992 constitution restored multiparty competition after a decade of military rule. Presidential power has since changed hands between the National Democratic Congress and the New Patriotic Party several times, with results accepted after judicial challenge, including a Supreme Court review of the 2012 election. Media licensing was liberalised and independent radio proliferated. Cocoa, gold and, from 2010, oil exports drove growth, while recurring fiscal deficits led to repeated International Monetary Fund programmes.
Dominant patterns
- Democratization
- Regime Stabilization
- Economic Crisis
Political-science factor profile
Each factor 0–100; higher = stronger authoritarian / crisis pole (except institutional stability, where higher = stronger institutions).
| Centralization of Power | 45 |
| Media Control | 30 |
| Repression | 25 |
| Nationalism | 45 |
| Militarization | 24 |
| Economic Stress | 55 |
| External Conflict | 14 |
| Cult of Personality | 26 |
| Elite Fragmentation | 45 |
| Institutions | 68 |
| Social Polarization | 45 |
| Corruption & Patrimonialism | 58 |
| Ideological Mobilization | 34 |
| External Sovereignty | 68 |
Economy & society
| GDP per capita | $2834 (intl-$) |
| GDP growth | +3%/yr |
| Population | 33.8M people |
| Share of world population | 0.4% |
| Urban share | 49% |
| Life expectancy | 60.6 years |
Closest historical twins
The country-eras whose structural profile most resembles Ghana 1992–2024, by similarity score (0–100).
- Costa Rica, 1949–2024 – similarity 90/100 · shared: Democratization, Regime Stabilization
- Germany, 1990–2005 – similarity 87/100 · shared: Democratization, Regime Stabilization, Economic Crisis
- Mongolia, 1990–2024 – similarity 87/100 · shared: Democratization
- Spain, 1982–1996 – similarity 84/100 · shared: Democratization, Regime Stabilization
- Botswana, 1966–2024 – similarity 84/100 · shared: Democratization, Regime Stabilization
- South Africa, 1994–2008 – similarity 83/100 · shared: Democratization, Economic Crisis
- Japan, 1955–1972 – similarity 82/100 · shared: Democratization, Regime Stabilization
- Japan, 1972–1989 – similarity 82/100 · shared: Democratization, Regime Stabilization
What followed
- Repeated peaceful alternation of governing parties.