Turkey, 2013–2023
Hybrid Regime · Republic · Middle East · Present Day era
A gradual shift from a hybrid regime to a personalist autocracy after an attempted coup.
The Gezi protests and the December 2013 corruption cases opened a rupture between the government and its former Gülenist allies. After the failed July 2016 coup, an extended state of emergency purged the military, judiciary, academia and media. The 2017 referendum replaced the parliamentary system with an executive presidency. Recurrent currency crises from 2018 accompanied the subordination of monetary policy to the executive.
Dominant patterns
- Revolutionary Risk
- Personalist Rule
- Institutional Decay
- Authoritarian Shift
- Imperial Decline
Political-science factor profile
Each factor 0–100; higher = stronger authoritarian / crisis pole (except institutional stability, where higher = stronger institutions).
| Centralization of Power | 65 |
| Media Control | 61 |
| Repression | 57 |
| Nationalism | 78 |
| Militarization | 53 |
| Economic Stress | 34 |
| External Conflict | 55 |
| Cult of Personality | 62 |
| Elite Fragmentation | 57 |
| Institutions | 23 |
| Social Polarization | 100 |
| Corruption & Patrimonialism | 89 |
| Ideological Mobilization | 91 |
| External Sovereignty | 86 |
Economy & society
| GDP per capita | $23k (intl-$) |
| GDP growth | +3.6%/yr |
| Population | 87.3M people |
| Share of world population | 1.1% |
| Urban share | 87% |
| Life expectancy | 76.8 years |
Closest historical twins
The country-eras whose structural profile most resembles Turkey 2013–2023, by similarity score (0–100).
- Russia, 2010–2024 – similarity 76/100 · shared: Revolutionary Risk, Personalist Rule, Authoritarian Shift
- Venezuela, 1999–2024 – similarity 73/100 · shared: Revolutionary Risk, Personalist Rule, Institutional Decay, Authoritarian Shift
- Italy, 1922–1929 – similarity 70/100 · shared: Revolutionary Risk, Personalist Rule, Authoritarian Shift
- Ghana, 1957–1966 – similarity 69/100 · shared: Revolutionary Risk, Personalist Rule, Institutional Decay, Authoritarian Shift
- Egypt, 2011–2014 – similarity 65/100 · shared: Revolutionary Risk, Institutional Decay, Authoritarian Shift
- Turkey, 2002–2011 – similarity 63/100 · shared: Revolutionary Risk, Personalist Rule
- Serbia, 1989–2000 – similarity 62/100 · shared: Personalist Rule, Authoritarian Shift
- Thailand, 2006–2014 – similarity 62/100 · shared: Revolutionary Risk, Institutional Decay
What followed
- A presidential super-system.
- Economic instability.